With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray, 13

THIRD LESSON.
‘Pray to thy Father, which is in secret;’ Or, Alone with God.
‘But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thine inner chamber, and having shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret, and thy Father which seeth in secret shall recompense thee’—Matt. vi. 6.
 
AFTER Jesus had called His first disciples, He gave them their first public teaching in the Sermon on the Mount.  He there expounded to them the kingdom of God, its laws and its life.  In that kingdom God is not only King, but Father, He not only gives all, but is Himself all.  In the knowledge and fellowship of Him alone is its blessedness.  Hence it came as a matter of course that the revelation of prayer and the prayer-life was a part of His teaching concerning the New Kingdom He came to set up.  Moses gave neither command nor regulation with regard to prayer:  even the prophets say little directly of the duty of prayer; it is Christ who teaches to pray.

This post continues what is intended to be a series of excerpts from With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray. I thank the Christian Classics Ethereal Library for making this public domain work available. To see their post of the book, go here. The previous post is here. As usual in this blog, long quotations are in this color.

Environmental Stewardship in the Bible, re-post

We have God-given responsibilities to non-human organisms
Genesis 1:26-28 seems to indicate clearly that humans were placed in charge of the non-human world. Psalm 8:6 reiterates that idea. Psalm 24:1 indicates that even though we are, in some sense, in charge, the world, and the things in it, are God’s. So does Psalm 50:10,11.* The story of Noah seems to indicate that, at one point, humans were directly responsible for the lives of many kinds of animals. Genesis 7:2-5, 14-16, Proverbs 12:10 and Proverbs 27:23 all have to do with caring for animals.

God seems to care not just for animals in general, but for kinds of animals. Psalms 104:24-25 praises God for the diversity of His creation, and His creatures. Since this explicitly includes the wide variety of ocean animals, it doesn’t seem possible that this praise is meant to be only because of their usefulness to humans. Genesis 7:3, 14-16 indicate God’s concern that the different kinds of animals would be preserved. Genesis 8:1 says that God had not forgotten Noah or the animals. Noah and his family were God’s agents in this care, of course, but they were God-directed agents. It would seem reasonable to argue that in our day, we also have responsibilities to the kinds of animals that exist in our time.

Does God care for individual non-human organisms? Perhaps. The question seems to be addressed in Matthew 10:29, which says that even individual sparrows do not fall without God’s knowledge. (Two verses later, Christ stated that the twelve were of more value than many sparrows. However, He didn’t say that sparrows were valueless.)

Does God’s care, and the care that humans are supposed to have, mean that we must refrain from killing animals deliberately? Apparently not. Jesus certainly condoned fishing (John 21:6, Matthew 17:27, Luke 5:4). He ate (Luke 24:36-43), and probably fished (John 21:9) even after His resurrection. Peter's vision, after the resurrection, and after Pentecost, used eating meat as a sign that God does not show favoritism (Acts 11:1-18). Paul referred disparagingly to people who forbid eating meat (I Timothy 4:1-3). There are no explicit commands forbidding the consumption of all meat in the Bible. This is not to say that the Bible condones killing of animals wantonly. That would be contradictory to benign dominion. Nor does the Bible condone consumption of animal flesh (or any other kind of food) selfishly, or to excess. But we are allowed to kill non-human organisms for cause, at least. Such causes include killing an animal because it threatens a human (Exodus 21:29), killing for meat (Genesis 9:2-3, Leviticus 11:1-22) and killing an animal for its skin (Genesis 3:21). Exodus 12:21-23 and 12:46, and Mark 14:12, indicate clearly that the Passover, one of the most important ceremonies of the Jews, and the last ceremony Jesus performed with His disciples, involved eating meat. The Bible is very clear that humans and animals are not equals. Christ came in human form, principally to redeem humans, although the effects of redemption will be felt through all of creation. We have dominion over animals, not the reverse. That dominion implies responsible use, including research and killing for good cause. (Nothing in this paragraph rules out the practice of vegetarianism. Some Christians may decide, or God may reveal to them, that they shouldn't eat meat. But they cannot prove that Scripture demands that Christians don't eat meat.)

Does God’s care extend to plants? To non-living entities? (The Bible, like present-day people, is more concerned with some kinds of animals than others. There is little, if any, mention of mollusks in scripture, for instance.) The Bible mentions God’s care of plants (Psalm 104:16, Matthew 6:30). It also states that everything He created was initially good (Genesis 1:31) and that creation as a whole, not just humans, groans, waiting for restoration (Romans 8:22). It is true that the Bible does not dwell on plants nearly as much as on animals. The creation of plants gets only one phrase in the Genesis account, whereas the creation of animals gets several. There is no mention of God’s concern for plants during the flood, nor are certain kinds of plants declared unclean in the Mosaic dietary laws. All this means that the Hebrews, like ourselves, were more interested in animals than in plants. Perhaps it means that God is also more interested.
From the above, we conclude that God’s care extends beyond humans, certainly to animals. Scripture is less explicit about God’s care for plants, and even less so about His care for rocks, streams, and clouds. However, there seems no reason to expect God to condone wanton destruction of any kind. If God cares for non-human creations, and we are responsible for His creation, then it behooves us to care for non-human creations as well. Proverbs 12:10 says that good people care for their domestic animals, and bad people are cruel to theirs. Caring for animals is usually consistent with caring for plants, or for rocks, streams and clouds. II Chronicles 36:21 tells us that the 70 years that the Israelites were to spend in captivity was not an arbitrary figure. God chose that because his people did not care for the land as he instructed them to. Jeremiah 2:7 and Habakkuk 2:17 condemn the Israelites because they hadn’t taken care of their land.

New Testament teaching on care of the environment
Most of the usual teaching on what the Bible says about care of the environment is from the Old Testament. However, there are two passages from the New Testament that also argue that we should be caring carefully for the environment. They are indirect, but their urgency is important. 
Romans 1:20 tells us that observing and learning about nature are part of God’s revelation to humans. (So does Psalm 19:1-4). If that is so, isn’t that another reason to try to preserve nature as well as we can? The Bible is one of the ways that God reveals Himself to us. For a long time, Christians have believed that the Bible should be translated into the language people are most familiar with, so that that revelation may be as clear as possible. Similarly, it would seem that God's revelation through nature should be as clear as possible. A person is more likely to see God in a pristine stream than in a polluted river. Probably seeing bison herds roam freely in Western North America gave people a glimpse of one aspect of God’s power and majesty that they can’t really get now. Therefore, helping to preserve nature in as good a condition as we can is one way to bring people to a saving knowledge of Christ. Not the most direct way, and probably not the most effective, for many people, but it is still a way to do this. 
Colossians 1:15-20 says, of Christ, that “in Him all things hold together.” (ESV -- other versions have similar language.) That passage also says that He is working to reconcile all things to Himself, and working to make peace through the blood of the cross. As Christians, we believe that it is our duty to be His instruments in reconciling sinners to Christ, and to help Him in the ministry of making peace. In fact, 2 Corinthians 5:18-19, tell us that:  18 But all things are of God, who reconciled us to himself through Jesus Christ, and gave to us the ministry of reconciliation; 19 namely, that God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself, not reckoning to them their trespasses, and having committed to us the word of reconciliation. 
Doesn’t it follow that we should also participate in Christ’s work of sustaining “all things,” including endangered species and ecosystems or biological communities? (I realize that there are other places in the New Testament where reconciliation and peacemaking are mentioned, or implied, and this is probably the only one that mentions Christ's sustaining work. But that doesn't mean that His sustaining work can be dismissed, or that we have no responsibility to be His instruments in doing it.)

What must we do when our responsibilities seem to conflict?
One response is to ask, do they ever really conflict? We believe that our responsibilities do, in fact, appear to conflict, in these matters, and in others. As fallen, finite beings, we do not always interpret God’s directions correctly. We certainly do not know enough to always judge correctly. If we did possess the ability to decide correctly in all cases, perhaps God’s demands on us would never even seem to conflict. However, we can’t, and they do seem to conflict. Perhaps, this being a fallen world, they actually conflict.
The Bible does not present a formal hierarchy of principles to guide our behavior, in matters of environmental ethics, or in other matters. It does not tell us how to choose when, for instance, a decision we make will lead to either 5 minutes of misery for each of 2000 people, or 3 days of misery for a single individual. It does not tell us what to do when bringing a field under cultivation will help to feed hungry people, but also will kill native plants, deprive animals of homes, and use petroleum resources. As fallen beings in a fallen world, it is probably too much to expect that all our decisions will be correct.

Here are some attempts at principles which may be of help in making decisions about environmental matters:
This world is temporary. Temporal concerns of any kind should be carefully weighed against eternal values. The fossil record indicates that more species have become extinct than are now alive, and usually not because humans caused the extinction. This doesn’t excuse us from trying to save the organisms that live in our time, of course.

We should recognize that environmental concerns are sometimes overstated, not prioritized, or controversial. Some would have us believe that humans are choking to death and swimming in carcinogens. This is overstatement. The atmosphere may not be as clear as it ought to be, and we may indeed be exposed to cancer-causing substances, but people in North America are living longer than ever before. It seems certain that we can’t cure every ill, environmental or otherwise. Is it more important to try to stop global warming, to save the California condor, or to cut down on our consumption of fossil fuels? Is the cost, or risk, from pollution to landfills from disposable diapers more or less than the pollution to water from washing non-disposable ones? No one seems to know the answers. Solutions are not prioritized. We must be careful not to act precipitously just because someone has a concern.

Selfishness is wrong. Most North Americans seem to subconsciously believe that we are somehow entitled to more possessions than people in other parts of the world. Such a life style contributes to environmental degradation. It may also deprive people in other parts of the world, or future generations, of resources. It may mean that our church, and other charitable causes, do not have funds that we could well afford to give. We may not personally be able to change the way the world works very much. We can change it a little, and we should. We can avoid conspicuous consumption, we can avoid wanting things simply because they are newer than the things we already have. We can participate in recycling, even if it requires some effort on our part. We can think carefully about every purchase we make.
Isaiah 5:8-10 is a warning to the Hebrews. It tells them that God doesn’t condone selfishness in material things, including use of land. It predicts that the land will stop yielding enough, as God’s punishment for selfishness.

Knowledge is necessary. We are in God’s image. Part of the reflection of the omniscient God in us is the desire for knowledge. The Bible speaks approvingly of Solomon’s knowledge of the natural world (I Kings 4:32-33). We should learn to appreciate the world as God made it, and this requires knowledge of it. Knowledge is also necessary for wise alleviation of our own mistakes.

Unselfish love is a scriptural requirement. This unselfish love ought to color our relationships with others in every area, certainly including our environmental activities. It is not clear that we can, or ought, to have a relationship of unselfish love with non-human organisms, but it would seem consistent with God’s expectation of us that we act unselfishly toward non-human organisms.
We need guidance from God. All our important decisions need His help. Even with this guidance, we don’t always agree. God may well want some of us to be deeply involved in helping crisis pregnancies, but others to try to help clean up the environment. This doesn’t mean that both groups can’t assist in both efforts, but God may give our lives different emphases.

Having stated these principles, we realize anew that it is difficult to apply them to cases. In many cases, all we can say is “God help us.”

The Bible does not rule out the use of current technology, and the development of new technology
Since the development and use of technology has often been related to use of valuable resources, or contributed to greater “efficiency” in despoiling the landscape, we certainly need to be careful in developing and using technology, for our own sake, as well as that of the landscape. Is technology anti-God? The answer to that question seems to be “it depends.”
There are three biblical passages that indicate reasons why particular technological development may be wrong.
First, worshiping the results of our technology is clearly wrong, as well as just plain stupid (Isaiah 44:9-20).

Second, pride in our accomplishments is wrong (Daniel 4:30-32).

Third, supposing that there are no limits to human ability is wrong (Genesis 11:5-9).

On the other hand, there are biblical reasons for supposing that technological development is not always wrong, and, in fact, can sometimes glorify God. Noah’s ark, the tabernacle, and the temple, were technological constructs, and God gave instructions for the building of each of them. In fact, in the building of the temple, and other projects completed during the reign of Solomon, there was apparently extensive use of resources. Solomon sent 10,000 workers to Lebanon to cut down cedar trees each month (I Kings 5:14), in addition to the servants of King Hiram who helped them. They may have worked there for as long as seven (I Kings 6:38) or even twenty years (II Chronicles 8:1). All this was at least allowed by God, and some of it was directed by Him. Jeremiah 22:6 contains an amazing statement. This verse says that God finds the royal palace at Jerusalem as beautiful as the mountains of Lebanon. It would seem that technological development, by and of itself, is not wrong, although it may be done for wrong reasons, or with the wrong attitude.
Part of the image of God in humans is the desire to create things. The fact that we can create and use technology has certainly lead to some unfortunate consequences, such as deaths and injuries in highway accidents. However, it may also lead to some fortunate consequences, such as our being able to alleviate some of the consequences of our own mistakes of the past, or even some of the consequences of the fall.


+  +  +  +  +

April 23, 2011:

On an earlier date, links to all the scripture referenced in this post, using the English Standard Version, were added. (See here for the ESV policy on copyright.) The section on New Testament teaching on care of the environment was inserted on this date. It had been part of a previous post. That post is still on-line. I have not removed any of the comments from the previous version of this post.

Thanks for reading!

*Added October 15, 2014: More scripture on God's ownership, and our stewardship: Jeremiah 27:5 ‘I have made the earth, the men, and the animals that are on the surface of the earth by my great power and by my outstretched arm. I give it to whom it seems right to me. 6 Now I have given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant. I have also given the animals of the field to him to serve him. (World English Bible, public domain) 

Added April 20, 2017: E. Stephen Burnett has written a fine blog post on how care of the current earth relates to the New Earth.

Added December 27, 2019: Nancy Sleeth, in Relevant, demolishes some objections some Christians raise (such as "It's all going to be destroyed in the end, so why care for earth?")

This post originally appeared on April 22, 2006. I have re-posted it, after reading Sleeth's article. To see comments prior to December 2019, use the link in the previous sentence. Thanks for reading.

Sunspots 760

I know. It's Christmas, but old habits are hard to break. Hence this post. Thank God for becoming incarnate!

Things I have recently spotted that may be of interest to someone else:



Christianity: Relevant on the real war on Christmas.

(And politics) A Christianity Today opinion piece calls for President Trump to be removed from office, by impeachment or at the ballot box, mostly because of his lack of moral character: "His Twitter feed alone—with its habitual string of mischaracterizations, lies, and slanders—is a near perfect example of a human being who is morally lost and confused."

Christianity Today has published another opinion, supporting the first, and also denying that it is a left-wing organization, or pro-abortion, or that it doesn't take the Bible seriously. Quite the contrary. The main problem, it says, is not President Trump. "He is not the sickness. He is a symptom of a sickness that began before him, which is the hyper-politicization of the American church. This is a danger for all of us, wherever we fall on the political spectrum. Jesus said we should give to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s. With profound love and respect, we ask our brothers and sisters in Christ to consider whether they have given to Caesar what belongs only to God: their unconditional loyalty."
 
Computing: Gizmodo reports on the 50 worst (i. e., most easily discovered and used for bad things) passwords. 


Education: Listverse tells us about ten words that almost got spelled and/or pronounced differently.

(or something) The 100 most popular US baby names, in 2019.
Finance: (and politics) The tax cuts of 2 years ago haven't done what they were promised to do, according to an NPR report.

History: (and politics) NPR discusses how we came to be such a partisan nation.

Humor: (or something) NPR also reports that there aren't enough Santas in Germany.


Politics: (And Christianity) Another article, a thoughtful one, on what Christians should think about Donald Trump.

The graphic used in these posts is from NASA, hence, it is free to use like this.
 
Thanks for looking!

With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray, 12

LORD, TEACH US TO PRAY.
Blessed Lord!  I adore the love with which Thou didst teach a woman, who had refused Thee a cup of water, what the worship of God must be.  I rejoice in the assurance that Thou wilt no less now instruct Thy disciple, who comes to Thee with a heart that longs to pray in spirit and in truth.  O my Holy Master!  do teach me this blessed secret. Teach me that the worship in spirit and truth is not of man, but only comes from Thee; that it is not only a thing of times and seasons, but the outflowing of a life in Thee.  Teach me to draw near to God in prayer under the deep impression of my ignorance and my having nothing in myself to offer Him, and at the same time of the provision Thou, my Saviour, makest for the Spirit’s breathing in my childlike stammerings.  I do bless Thee that in Thee I am a child, and have a child’s liberty of access; that in Thee I have the spirit of Sonship and of worship in truth.  Teach me, above all, Blessed Son of the Father, how it is the revelation of the Father that gives confidence in prayer; and let the infinite Fatherliness of God’s Heart be my joy and strength for a life of prayer and of  worship.  Amen.

This post continues what is intended to be a series of excerpts from With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray. I thank the Christian Classics Ethereal Library for making this public domain work available. To see their post of the book, go here. The previous post is here. As usual in this blog, long quotations are in this color.

Sunspots 759

Things I have recently spotted that may be of interest to someone else:

Christianity: FiveThirtyEight on the decline in connection with religion among millennials.

Christianity Today reports on a study of sermon length in various Christian churches.
 
Education: (and Humor) Listverse on ten silly English words.

You should look at these maps, in a post from Listverse. They will probably change the way you think about the world.

Environment: (And Christianity) Christianity Today reports on efforts, by the World Evangelical Alliance, to use solar power for churches.

Health: NPR reports that exposure to green light may be a treatment for pain, such as that from migraine headaches.

Politics: According to Relevant, President Trump, in yet another attempt to stop immigration, has issued an executive order prohibiting resettlement, unless local government agrees. An evangelical group has petitioned governors to allow such resettlement. Some governors have agreed.

FiveThirtyEight has a great essay on what's what with the two major political parties. Democrats, it says, are less about identity groups, more about ideology, than they used to be, and Republicans are more about identity groups and less about ideology, than they used to be.

Science: (or something) WHNS-TV reports that a recent flurry of attacks on horses, in the field, were due to wild hogs. Here's an earlier report on the attacks.

The Scientist reports on feather-eating lice -- they've been around a long time, like on dinosaurs.

The graphic used in these posts is from NASA, hence, it is free to use like this.
 
Thanks for looking!

With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray, 11

And in truth.  That does not only mean, in sincerity.  Nor does it only signify, in accordance with the truth of God’s Word.  The expression is one of deep and Divine meaning. Jesus is ‘the only-begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.’ ‘The law was given by Moses; grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.’ Jesus says, ‘I am the truth and the life.’ In the Old Testament all was shadow and promise; Jesus brought and gives the reality, the substance, of things hoped for.  In Him the blessings and powers of the eternal life are our actual possession and experience.  Jesus is full of grace and truth; the Holy Spirit is the Spirit of truth; through Him the grace that is in Jesus is ours in deed and truth, a positive communication out of the Divine life.  And so worship in spirit is worship in truth; actual living fellowship with God, a real correspondence and harmony between the Father, who is a Spirit, and the child praying in the spirit.

What Jesus said to the woman of Samaria, she could not at once understand.  Pentecost was needed to reveal its full meaning.  We are hardly prepared at our first entrance into the school of prayer to grasp such teaching.  We shall understand it better later on.  Let us only begin and take the lesson as He gives it.  We are carnal and cannot bring God the worship He seeks.  But Jesus came to give the Spirit:  He has given Him to us.  Let the disposition in which we set ourselves to pray be what Christ’s words have taught us.  Let there be the deep confession of our inability to bring God the worship that is pleasing to Him; the childlike teachableness that waits on Him to instruct us; the simple faith that yields itself to the breathing of the Spirit.  Above all, let us hold fast the blessed truth—we shall find that the Lord has more to say to us about it—that the knowledge of the Fatherhood of God, the revelation of His infinite Fatherliness in our hearts, the faith in the infinite love that gives us His Son and His Spirit to make us children, is indeed the secret of prayer in spirit andtruth.  This is the new and living way Christ opened up for us.  To have Christ the Son, and the Spirit of the Son, dwelling within us, and revealing the Father, this makes us true, spiritual worshippers.

This post continues what is intended to be a series of excerpts from With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray. I thank the Christian Classics Ethereal Library for making this public domain work available. To see their post of the book, go here. The previous post is here. As usual in this blog, long quotations are in this color.

Sunspots 758

Things I have recently spotted that may be of interest to someone else:

The Arts (and Education): NPR reports that Carroll Spinney, who played Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch from the beginning of Sesame Street until a year or so ago, has died.

Christianity: (and politics) There is an attempt, in Congress, to pass legislation that would protect the rights of homosexuals, and also the rights of Christian organizations and small businesses.

(and science) BioLogos reports that one of this year's Nobel laureates in Chemistry is a believing Christian.
  Humor: (or something) Listverse describes the 10 best board games ever created.


Politics: Another way in which the Department of Education is hindering, not helping, students with disabilities, and Congress is not happy, according to NPR.

Science: Listverse has a compilation of arguments used to prove that evolution is false. None of these arguments do that.

NPR reports on a comet that has apparently come from another solar system.

NPR also reports on a fascinating Dubna, Russia-Oak Ridge, TN scientific collaboration that resulted in the production of six short-live atoms of a new element, Tennessine. There is one mistake in the report: "Element 117 fits in a column of the periodic table filled with compounds called halogens - fluorine, chlorine, bromine." It should have been "elements called halogens."

And NPR reports that fresh-water mussels are dying, and on why this matters.

Gizmodo reports on using wood as the basis of optical fibers.

Gizmodo also reports on a newly discovered widow spider, which lays purple eggs.

The Scientist reports that it is now possible to store instructions for replicating the object in the object itself. A related application might be to store information on how a medical device or implant was made in the device or implant, itself. This sort of study may be coming close to creating a new kind of life.

The graphic used in these posts is from NASA, hence, it is free to use like this.
Thanks for looking!

Sunspots 757

Things I have recently spotted that may be of interest to someone else:

Christianity: A Christianity Today report indicates that giving by evangelicals has not changed much as a result of the recent tax overhaul.

Education: Grammarphobia tells us why a turkey's leg is called a drumstick.

Environment: A strong argument that climate change is not really the problem.
  Health: NPR has a reflection on sibling relationships.

Humor: (or something) Listverse describes the achievements of 10 successful people with Down Syndrome.

Politics: A FiveThirtyEight writer analyzes what happened to Kamala Harris's campaign for President.

The graphic used in these posts is from NASA, hence, it is free to use like this.
 
Thanks for looking!

With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray, 10

‘God is a Spirit: and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and truth.’  The second thought that comes to us is that the worship in the spirit must come from God Himself.  God is Spirit:  He alone has Spirit to give.  It was for this He sent His Son, to fit us for such spiritual worship, by giving us the Holy Spirit.  It is of His own work that Jesus speaks when He says twice, ‘The hour cometh,’ and then adds, ‘and is now.’  He came to baptize with the Holy Spirit; the Spirit could not stream forth till He was glorified (John i. 33, vii. 37, 38, xvi. 7).  It was when He had made an end of sin, and entering into the Holiest of all with His blood, had there on our behalf received the Holy Spirit (Acts ii. 33), that He could send Him down to us as the Spirit of the Father.  It was when Christ had redeemed us, and we in Him had received the position of children, that the Father sent forth the Spirit of His Son into our hearts to cry, ‘Abba, Father.’ The worship in spirit is the worship of the Father in the Spirit of Christ , the Spirit of Sonship.

This is the reason why Jesus here uses the name of Father.  We never find one of the Old Testament saints personally appropriate the name of child or call God his Father.  The worship of the Father is only possible to those to whom the Spirit of the Son has been given. The worship in spirit is only possible to those to whom the Son has revealed the Father, and who have received the spirit of Sonship.  It is only Christ who opens the way and teaches the worship in spirit.

This post continues what is intended to be a series of excerpts from With Christ in the School of Prayer, by Andrew Murray. I thank the Christian Classics Ethereal Library for making this public domain work available. To see their post of the book, go here. The previous post is here. As usual in this blog, long quotations are in this color.

30 days of science-oriented Thanksgiving, 2019

Thanks to God for:

1) Light: I'm thankful for light. It's significance is emphasized, as it was the first thing mentioned as created, in the Genesis story. We depend on it so much, and take it for granted -- at least I do.

2) I'm thankful not only for light, but that light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, meaning that light appears in a range of colors, visible in rainbows and in other ways, and also in mixtures of these colors, such as brown, which doesn't appear in the rainbow. They say that some animals have no color vision. TVs used to be black-and-white only. I'm glad that we can see colors.

3) I’m thankful that light can be reflected. Without reflection, I couldn’t see myself in the bathroom mirror. I couldn’t back my car up safely. I couldn’t see colorful trees reflected in bodies of water. Without reflection, I couldn’t see the moon, which reflects the sun’s light. Telescopes and microscopes use reflection to help us see wonders that we couldn’t’ see without reflection.

4) I’m thankful for a special use of reflected light – reading print. The white part of a printed page (or sign, or food label, or our credit card, or whatever) reflects more light than the dark part – the words. I know that much reading today is not of this sort. I’m reading this as I type because the computer screen emits light, except where the letters are. But we still depend a lot on reading print.

5) I’m thankful for refraction. Refraction means that light is bent as it goes from one medium, like air, into another, like glass or water. Without refraction, I couldn’t see. My eye lenses refract light so that it can be focused on my retina. My glasses refract light, assisting my eye lenses, so that I can see close up. Different colors of light are refracted differently, thus making rainbows possible.

6) I’m thankful for water, the only common substance that can exists in solid, liquid and gaseous form under ordinary conditions. It’s also the only common substance that has a solid that floats on its liquid. Without these properties, the oceans would be solid ice, and we wouldn’t ever get rained on.

7) I’m thankful that water is able to dissolve many other substances. The ancient alchemists were said to be searching for some wondrous things, including the “philosopher’s stone,” that would turn things into gold, and the “universal solvent,” that would dissolve anything. As someone said a long time ago, water is the nearly universal solvent. It can combine with other substances, especially acids, to dissolve even more things. Some geological features are the result of mildly acid water dissolving rocks. Consider, in us: our blood, a solution of many substances in water, carries Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, red and white blood cells, food particles, Nitrogen waste, food waste, and other items, in our blood stream and body fluids, which are all mostly water.

8) I’m thankful that light is a form of energy. Much of the sun’s energy, that keeps the earth warm enough to be livable, has come to earth in the form of light. Light energy can be absorbed, and does various things, many of them important, after such absorption. One such thing is illustrated by the brick wall on the west side of our house. After a sunny afternoon, the bricks have absorbed energy, and feel warm. Light energy, turned to heat, melts snow and ice.

9) I’m thankful for Carbon. Carbon atoms can connect with as many as four other atoms. This makes complicated molecules, like protein, DNA, steroids, cellulose, and many more, possible. If, for example, Carbon could connect with only two other atoms, nothing more complicated than a long chain would be possible. We are called Carbon-based life forms for a good reason. Carbon is an abundant element, and its atoms are light, so some Carbon compounds can enter the air, and, for example, make molecules that we can smell. Coffee, anyone?

10) I’m thankful for what is arguably the most important process on earth – photosynthesis. Light energy is captured by green plants and used to turn Carbon Dioxide and water into food molecules. Food is something we eat that gives us energy (which is measured in calories). Most likely, all the food you have consumed in the past year came from photosynthesis in some green plant. Thank God!

11) I’m thankful for carbohydrates. They are made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen, and their names usually end in “ose,” as in glucose, fructose, cellulose, and more. Starches are complex carbohydrates. Some of us eat too much carbohydrate, and expand, as a consequence. But we need energy to live, and carbohydrates are a good source of food energy. Cellulose is taken in in the form of fiber, and we should eat fiber, too. Some carbohydrates such as sucrose, common table sugar, taste sweet. I like it, more than I should.

12) I’m thankful for my sense organs. Our tongue and nose can detect certain molecules, apparently because of their 3-dimensional shape. Sugar molecules have a distinctive shape. Sugar molecules fit into sweet-detecting sense structures in the tongue which detect that shape, and these structures send a message to the brain: “that was sweet!” Scientists have figured out how to make sugar substitutes, which have a shape that activates the same sensors, and cause the same message to go to the brain. Sugar substitutes are usually indigestible, or don’t turn into as many calories as sugar, hence you may gain less weight from eating or drinking them than from the equivalent food/drink with sugar in it.

The senses of taste detects various chemicals that touch the tongue. The sense of smell detects molecules that come to the nose through the air. I’m thankful for the smell of coffee, even though I don’t drink it, and for lots of other smell-producing materials. When I was in college, my nose was cauterized to stop frequent nosebleeds. As a result, I don’t have much sense of smell. Be thankful for yours!

13) I’m thankful for deoxyribose, a 5-Carbon sugar that is an essential part of DNA – in fact, DNA is named for it: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. As surely you know, your heredity is carried from generation to generation by DNA. It’s also carried from cell to cell in your body. The trillions of cells in your body all came from a single fertilized egg. Most of your cells have the same DNA, with some exceptions. Occasionally you may see someone with two different iris colors, or with strange patches of skin or hair. But these are rare. Your left side mostly mirrors your right. Be thankful for your heredity, and that it’s all the same throughout your body, except for occasional mutations.

In addition to deoxyribose, DNA contains Nitrogen bases and Phosphate. I’m thankful for them, too.

14) I’m thankful for cellulose. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate, made of hundreds, or more, of glucose molecules strung together. Plants use it as structural material in their cell walls. Since it is structural, it has numerous uses. We get fiber in our diet mostly from plant cell walls in our food. Cotton and linen fibers contain cellulose, so most of us are clothed with this, some of the time. Paper, including cardboard, includes cellulose. Cellulose is the most common constituent of wood, which is used in structures and implements of many kinds, as well as being a fuel.

Without cellulose, there would be no trees, with all the joy, majesty, and utility that they bring. No forests, no leaves falling.

15) I’m thankful for Silicon, an element. It’s the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust, behind Oxygen. In the earth’s crust – the rocks, dirt, etc., that we can access fairly easily with a shovel or a drill – Silicon is almost always in combination with some other elements, like Oxygen or Aluminum. Quartz is mostly Silicon Dioxide. Quartz, mica, feldspar, and other materials make up granite, one of the most common types of rock on earth. Mica and feldspar also contain Silicon. Minerals containing Silicon make up about 90% of the earth’s crust.

16) As yesterday, I’m again thankful for Silicon. Here’s the Wikipedia: “The most widely used silicon device is the MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor), which has been manufactured in larger numbers than any other device in history.” In other words, the computer I’m typing this on, and all the devices that could read this, use Silicon-based transistors, in order to do their jobs.

17) I’m thankful for sand. Many sands are mostly Silicon Dioxide. SiO2 sand is the main constituent of glass. Can you imagine life without glass? Touchscreens on smartphones and similar devices contain glass. So do many glasses that people wear. Then there are windows, and drinking glasses, and lots of other stuff. (Some sands, for example from corals, are mostly Calcium Carbonate, but most sands are Silicon Dioxide.) The Wikipedia lists a couple of dozen or so uses for sand.

18) You are breathing it right now, even though you can’t smell it or see it. What is it? Nitrogen, which I’m very thankful for. Nitrogen gas makes up about 80% of the earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen is the second most common gas in the atmosphere. Without that Nitrogen, an increase in Oxygen would mean that fires would spread more rapidly and be more devastating and dangerous.

19) I’m thankful for Nitrogen. DNA, the heredity molecule, has a Nitrogen-containing base in each unit, which means that we probably have trillions of Nitrogen bases in our bodies. The Nitrogen bases, ACGT, make up the genetic code. Nitrogen is also part of every amino acid. Amino acids make up protein, and, of course, we need protein for structure, for making up enzymes, and for other things. Life, as we know it, would be impossible without DNA, its close relative, RNA, ATP, and amino acids. Each of these contains Nitrogen.

20) I’m thankful for Nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We need Nitrogen, which is part of many of the most important molecules in living things. But, even though most of what we breathe is Nitrogen gas, we can’t use that to make amino acids or RNA. We have to get Nitrogen in what we eat. Some bacteria in the soil, often in special structures on the roots of members of the pea family, such as peas, beans, peanuts, alfalfa, clover, and many more, can take Nitrogen from the air in the soil. The plants that they are growing with can access this Nitrogen. Members of the pea family are good sources of Nitrogen, in the form of protein. We can get Nitrogen from other kinds of food, especially food high in protein, but, in most cases, such Nitrogen was first captured by bacteria in the nodules on the roots of plants.

21) I’m thankful for Hydrogen. There are more atoms of Hydrogen than of any other element in the universe. Hydrogen is part of water, which is enough to make it very important, but there’s more. Hydrogen is part of almost all of the molecules of living things, such as carbohydrates, steroids, proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA, ATP and more. It also is part of Hydrocarbons, which we use to make plastics, and burn as fuel in our automobiles. It’s easy to ignore Hydrogen. It doesn’t seem to be the central part of any of these important types of molecule. But it’s there, in all of them. Life would not be possible without it.

22) I’m thankful, again, for Hydrogen. Almost all of the energy we use depends on it. Why? Because there are processes in the sun that take Hydrogen, and fuse it together into Helium, releasing energy in the process. (Hydrogen bombs, if ever used, would engage in similar processes.) Energy released by this nuclear fusion escapes into space, some of it in the form of light, and a small part of it hits the earth, warming it, and providing energy for the food manufacturing processes of photosynthesis.

23) I’m thankful for Oxygen. Oxygen reacts easily. We can see the results in flames, and in rust (which is oxidized iron). Because this is true, living things use it to access energy from the food they make, in photosynthesis, or the food they eat. They oxidize this food, which results in the production of Carbon Dioxide and water, and the release of energy. This oxidation is slower, and much less destructive, than ordinary burning. (Most foods can be burned, giving off energy in a different way.) When we exercise, we need Oxygen, so that we can release energy stored in our bodies. That’s why we may gasp and pant after running, for example – we need Oxygen to replenish our accessible energy.

There are some organisms (you won’t find them in zoos) that get their food, and access the energy from it, in different ways.

24) I’m thankful for Oxygen. Besides the fact that we need to breathe it, Oxygen is part of the essentially all of chemicals that living things are made of. Most living things, including us, are mostly water. Water is a combination of Hydrogen and Oxygen. Besides that, DNA, RNA, ATP, starch, sugar, fats, hormones, vitamins, proteins, and more, all have Oxygen as part of their structures.

25) I’m thankful for metabolism. The rest of this post was extracted from the Wikipedia: “Metabolism … is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are: the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes; the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism).”

26) I’m thankful for enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions, such as the ones in metabolism (see yesterday’s post). In effect, they make these chemical reactions possible. Without enzymes, they wouldn’t take place at all, or they would be so slow that they wouldn’t do us any good. Enzymes help convert food to useful energy, help convert food molecules to the more complex molecules necessary for life, such as proteins, hormones, DNA and RNA. They help eliminate nitrogenous wastes. They are necessary in the formation of new cells, as when an embryo grows, or an older person replaces dead cells, such as skin cells.

27) I’m thankful for the parts of my body that produce digestive enzymes. The salivary glands produce enzymes that digest starch, breaking it down to sugar. (Chew on a cracker for a few minutes. It will probably begin to taste sweet.) There are enzymes in the stomach that help break down food molecules. These enzymes require an acid environment, in order to work. The pancreas and the liver produce enzymes that help digest food molecules. If food wasn’t digested, it wouldn’t do us any good. We would get just as much good from eating sand as from eating turkey.

28) I’m thankful for Sulfur. It’s one of the more prevalent elements in my body, after Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, and maybe Potassium. Amino acids make up proteins. Proteins can be enzymes, or part of our structure (hair is mostly protein) or perform other functions, such as fighting infection. Two of the amino acids that make up proteins, cysteine and methionine, contain Sulfur. Cysteines bonded together help to give hair, and other body parts, their structure. If hair is burnt, there’s a bad smell, which is mostly due to Sulfur.

Sulfur is a necessary part of sulfuric acid, which is used in making fertilizer, and used in some kinds of batteries. Sulfur is used as a fungicide and pesticide. Some of the most important antibiotics contain Sulfur. Sulfur is necessary for life on this planet.

29) I’m thankful for Sodium. Sodium is part of common table salt, Sodium Chloride. We need Sodium in order to live. However, too much Sodium can lead to high blood pressure, and, if it’s really too much, even to death. Salt is used as a preservative. Sodium is used to manufacture chlorophyll, which is used in photosynthesis, the basic food-making process that we all depend on. Sodium is necessary for the functioning of the nervous system. As you read this, Sodium is migrating across the membranes of your nerve cells, making perception of what you are reading, and thought about it, possible. Yellow colors in fireworks are due to Sodium.

30) I’m thankful for Phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential part of DNA and RNA, the molecules that carry our genetic code, and help to express it. It’s also part of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) which is used in the processes that release energy from food. Our cell membranes contain Phosphorus. It’s no wonder that almost all fertilizers contain Phosphorus.

Many matches contain Phosphorus.

I could have been thankful for Potassium, Calcium, Chlorine, Iron, and other elements of the periodic table, but will stop here. Thanks for reading.